POVERTY

                                     

     1 MARKS QUESTION

Ques.1 Define poverty.

Ans. Poverty is not fulfilled our basic need like food, clothing, housing, education and health facilities etc.

Ques.2 How does absolute poverty measured in India ?

Ans. With poverty line .

Ques.3 Define poverty line .

Ans . its refers to that line which express per capita average monthly expenditure that is essentially required by the people satisfy their minimum needs.

Ques 4 what is “food for work’ programme ?

Ans . it’s a programme which aims at increasing food security through wage employment in the rural area.

Ques .5 An out off points which divides people of a region as poor and non-poor is called ?

Ans . poverty line

Ques.6 What is a name of poor who are moving in and out of poverty ?

Ans Transient poor

Ques .7 Give two example of the self employment programme.

Ans.(i) Swarnjayanti gram swarozgar yojana.

        (ii) Pradhanmantri gramodaya yojana.

Ques .8 Who was the first person to discuss the concept of a poverty line ?

Ans. Dada Bhai Noaraji

Ques .9 What do you mean by census ratio And how is calculated it ?

Ans. The percentage of population below poverty line in a country in called census ratio.

                 Census Ratio=  x 100

Ques. 10 What is the minimum calorie intake estimated for rural & urban areas?

Ans. The minimum calorie intake estimated in rural areas is 2400 & in urban areas 2100 calorie.

Ques.11. The poverty has shifted from overall to urban areas. Why?

Ans. The poverty has shifted from overall to urban areas because of the migration of the rural people to urban areas in search of alternative employment & livelihood.

Ques 12. What is the amount of consumption expenditure to determine poverty line in India?

 Ans. Rs. 328 per month in rural areas & Rs. 454 per month in urban areas at 1990-00 prices.

Ques 13. Which Organisation collects data on poverty in India?

Ans. National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO)

                                          3&4 MARKS QUESTION

 Ques.14  what is meant by poverty ? distinguish between absolute and relative poverty.

Ans .  Poverty may be explain as a untenable to secure minimum human needs.the minimum requirement include food, clothing, housing, education and health facilities. There are two type of poverty :-(i) absolute poverty &(ii)relative poverty.

1.    Relative poverty

Its refer to poverty in relation to different classes, regions or countries . the country or class of people whose level of living is low, is treated as poor or relatively poor in comparison to the country or class of people.

2.    Absolute poverty

Total number of people living below poverty line is called absolute poor.

Ques.15 How poverty line is measured in India ?

                               Or

          Explain the concept of the poverty line .

Ans. Poverty  line is a of distribution, which usually divides the population of the country as poor & non poor. People having income below the poverty line are called poor & people with income above poverty line are called non poor.

As per Tendulkar committee :- poverty line is estimated in monthly basis Rs 816 in rural area and Rs 1000

In urban area. People who are not able to earn he will below in poverty line.

Other estimation:-

(i)The consumption worth of Rs. 328 per person a month in rural area and for urban area it was Rs. 454 also considered for poverty line.

(ii)The planning commission has defined poverty line on the basis of recommended nutritional requirement of 2400 calories per person in rural areas and 2100 for a person in urban areas.

In India, approx 22% population in India in blow poverty line .

                                                                   poverty line

Absolutely poor

Very poor

poor

Not so poor

Middle class

Upper middle class

rich

Very rich

millionaires

billionaries

                 

                    Poor                               Non-poor                    

Ques 16.How many type of poor ?

Ans.  there is two type of poor.

(i)Rural poor

They mainly as landless agricultural labours,cultivators with very small landholdings.

(ii)Urban poor

They are largely the overflow of the rural poor migrated to the urban area in search of alternative employment and livelihood .

Ques .17 Explain the categorization of poverty ?

Ans There are many ways to categorise poverty

1.    Chronic poor

(i)            Always poor :- people who do not have money to fulfilled their basic needs are always poor and remain below poverty line

(ii)           Usually poor :- people who sometime have little more money are usually poor. Eg. Landless workes

2.    Transient poor

(i)            Churning poor:-they regularly move in and out of poverty eg .small farmer, seasonal worker.

(ii)           Occasionally poor:-they are rich most of the time but may sometime have a patch of bad luck eg. People who gamble

3.    non-poor or never poor

 They are those people who live above the poverty line they are a non-poor eg doctor etc.

                                                         6 MARKS QUESTION

Ques.18 Explain briefly the causes for poverty.

Ans .The cause of poverty lies in the unable to get income , health & education.

(i)            Rapily rising population :- population has been trending up at rapid pace this rise is mainly death rate less that birth rate was grow up . is rerponsible for the problem of poverty in the country .

(ii)           Unemployment :- poverty is also increase with unemployment if person get employment . he doesn’t live with poverty as well as cen be fight with poverty.

Person doesn’t get income a vast majority of people are living with poverty .

(iii)          Inequalities of wealth and income:-unequal distribution of means of production and money income is also responsible for poverty in india. Wealth and means of production are concentrated in few hand mostly people live below the poverty line.

(iv)         Indebtness:-most of the people depend on borrowing from the richer section of the society.

After getting the money they are badly exploited by the money lenders.

In this way, they remain poor under the poverty line from one generation to the other .

(v)          Lack of infrastructure:-infrastructure arrangement is also matter of concern as these areas are severely affected by the lack of education, health facilities, transport etc. these facilities was not get any area . it’s suffering by poverty .

(vi)         Low rate of growth:- in india, five year was not grow properly because due to rate of popullaution was dyamtic compared to GDP rate .

(vii)        Inflation pressure :- low rate of production and high rate of population growth, less developed economic like india are main disese of inflation.

Inflation is increased price of cousmer good, the wage earners wil not buy good product for livelihood . so it goes that below poverty line .

Ques. 19 Briefly explain the approaches adopted by the Indian government to combat poverty.

                                                             Or

           What is take a step from government for remove poverty ?

Ans .  

(i) speeding up of economic growth:-The first is measure needed to remove poverty is accelerating the rate of economic growth. Its provide new opportunities of employment are generated. More and more works will find employment in country

  (ii) Reducing inequalities of income:-its problem solved by two measure (i) fiscal measurs (ii) legislative measures.

(i)Fiscal measures it’s a policy of taxation and subsidies. The government should be high rate income tax on rich, while the poor are granted exemption. Tax receipts of the government can be used to subsidise purchase item like grain and cloths.

(ii)Legislative measures its minimum wages act making for the employers to offer the the guarantee minimum wage to the employees.

 (ii)Population control:- High growth rate of population, especially among the poor, is one of the causes. So (in order to remove poverty, it is very essential that population growth rate is checked) poverty can be removed to a greater extent, if we intensify family planning campaign & reduce the increasing population among the poor.

(iv)More employment opportunities:-poverty can be eliminated by providing more employment opportunities. So that people are able to meet their basic needs.

Ques 20  What is take up by government to remove poverty ?

Ans . Poverty alleviation programmers (PAP) in India:-

1. Prime minister’s Rozgar Yojana(PMRY) :- This program aims at creating selfemployment

opportunities in rural areas & small towns. Under this program, educated unemployed

from low-income families in rural & urban areas can get financial assistance in the

form of bank loans, to set up any kind of enterprise that generates employment. It attempted

to generate employment by setting up seven lakh micro-enterprises during the eighth plan

[1992-97]. By 2003-04, 3 million people got employment under the scheme of PMRY.

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2. Swarna Jayanthi Shahri Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY):- (Urban self-employment program &

the urban wage employment programs are two special schemes of SJSRY, initiated in

December 1997) which replaced various programmers operated earlier, for urban poverty

alleviation. SJRY mainly aims at creating employment opportunities for both selfemployment

& wage-employment in urban areas.

3. Swarna Jayanthi Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY):- SGSY is a self-employment

program, launched with effect from April 1 199 as a result of restructuring & combining the

earlier poverty eradication programmes like Integrated rural development programme

(IRDP), development of women & children in rural areas (DWCRA), etc. It aims at

promoting micro enterprises & to bring the assisted poor families (Swarozagaris) above the

poverty line, by organizing them into Self-Help Groups (SHGs). Under this programme,

people who wish to benefit from this scheme are encouraged to form self-help groups (SHG).

Initially they are encouraged to save some money & land among themselves as small loans.

Later, through banks, the govt. provides partial financial assistance to SHGs which then

decide whom the loan is to be given for self-employment activities.

4. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY):- The scheme was launched with effect

from September 2001. The schemes of Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) &

employment assurance scheme (EAS) has been fully integrated with SGRY. The scheme

aims at providing wage employment in rural areas & food security, along with the creation of

durable community social & economic assets. The centre & the state on the cost sharing ratio

of 87.5 : 12.5 [Including food grains components].

5. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005:- The act was passed in 2005 & the

scheme, i.e. National rural employment guarantee schemes or NREGS was launched in

February 2006. The aim of the act is to provide guaranteed wages employment to every

households. Under this programme, volunteer adults will be provided unskilled manual work

for a minimum of 100 days in a year. Those cannot be employed employers under this

scheme were given wages for those 100 days.

6. Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY):- This programme was introduced in 2000-

01, with the objective of focusing on village level development in five critical areas:-

i. Health

ii. Primary Education

iii. Drinking water

iv. Housing & rural roads

v. Improving quality of life of people in rural areas.

PMGY includes these projects:-

a. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak (PMGSY)

b. Pradhan Mantri gramodya yojna [Gramin awas]

c. Pradhan Mantri gramodya yojna- Rural drinking water project.

7. National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP):- NSAP was introduced on 15th August

1995 for social assistance benefit to poor house hold affected by old age, death, primary

bread earner & maternity care. The programme has three components

i. National old age pension scheme (NOAPS)

ii. National family benefits scheme (NFBS)

iii. National benefit scheme (NMBS).

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8.Minimum Needs programmers:- The third approach is to provide minimum basic amenities to

the people. India was among the pioneers that it would visualize that through public expenditures

on social consumption needs. (Food grains at subsidized rates, education, health, water supply &

sanitation) people’s living standard could be improved. Programmers under this approach are

expected to supplement the consumption of the poor. Create employments in health & education.

3 major programs that aims at improving the food & nutritional status of poor are:-

i. Public distribution system

ii. integrated child development scheme

iii. midday meal scheme

9.mid-day meal scheme :- it’s a multifaceted programme of the government of the India it involves provision for free launch on working days for children in primary and upper primary classes in government education centers.