Ancient Education System of India Summary & Solution - CBSE Class 8 English It So Happened Chapter 8  

Summary 

India was visited by a number of tourists from various regions of the world with various cultures and weather. They came to study the country's widely used educational methods in addition to the rich Indian culture, religions, philosophies, art, and beauty. The key components of the traditional Indian educational system were centred on the comprehensive development of the person's inner and outer selves. It placed a strong focus on teaching virtues like humility, self-reliance, and self-discipline.

The total development of the student in terms of their physical, mental, intellectual, and moral qualities was the primary focus of the educational system. The teachings of the Vedas and Upanishads, which instruct pupils on how to fulfil their obligations to oneself, one's family, and society at large, served as the foundation for this specific curriculum. The Vedas, Upanishads, Brahmanas, and Dharmasutras were the sources from which the ancient educational system evolved.

Additional educational resources were the compositions, medical manuals, and teachings of Sushruta and Charaka. Students were taught knowledge from a variety of fields and disciplines, including Shastras, Kavyas, Itihas, Anviksiki, Mimamsa, Shilpashastra, Arthashatra, Varta, and Dhanurvidya. Additionally, physical education was regarded as a significant extracurricular activity in the forms of leisure games, Vyayamaprakara, Dhanurvidya, and Yoga Sadhana, as well as Krida. These were a few more subjects that had honest and committed instruction.

To evaluate the students' learning, other types of discussions were also arranged. In addition, pupils were forced to lead disciplined lives in order to reach their full potential. Group instruction and peer learning were essential components of schooling that helped students learn more effectively. Formal or informal instruction was provided by several educational establishments.

The institution has a reputation as a knowledge temple in India. Pathshalas, temples, and schools were the primary centres of learning, while gurukuls were the residential schools in and around the surrounding areas. Universities were an option for those who wanted to continue their studies. There were female Vedic academics in antiquity. Not only were scripts used to teach, but personality development and skill-based learning were also prioritised.

From ancient times, several monasteries and viharas were set up for monks and nuns for meditation, debate and discussion purposes. For higher education, universities were set up for students coming from different countries. Kings and people of the society promoted education through Jataka tales given by Xuan Zang and I-Qing (Chinese scholars). Some of the notable universities that developed during that period were situated at Nalanda, Takshashila, Valabhi, Odantapuri, Vikramshila and Jagaddala. These universities catered to the needs of advanced level students who would develop knowledge through mutual discussions and debates with well-known scholars. The kings would also summon scholars of several universities and they would meet, debate and exchange their views.

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has declared these universities as heritage sites that are considered the best centres of learning in the world. Takshashila was a noted religious Buddhist centre of learning that attracted students from several countries. This famous place of learning would impart knowledge through the study of ancient scriptures, medicine, law, military science, astronomy, arts, etc. as a part of its curriculum. Legendary academicians such as Panini, Jivaka and Chanakya have studied there.

The teacher also played a crucial role right from selecting students to framing the curriculum. When the teacher was satisfied that the students had developed a good understanding, the course would conclude henceforth. They encouraged oral learning among students. Nalanda was one of the most renowned institutes of higher education. The Chinese scholars such as I-Qing and Xuan Zang visited Nalanda in the seventh century CE and gave realistic accounts of the place of learning. Besides, the syllabus was diverse as it included studying from the Vedas and students were also trained in fine arts, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, the art of warfare and politics.

The role of community was also significant in promoting education as financial support was given to educational institutions by rich merchants, well-to-do parents and society. Free education was imparted in ancient universities such as Valabhi, Vikramshila and Jagaddala. In South India, agraharas served as centres of learning. South Indian kingdoms also had cultural institutions which were known as Ghatika and Brahmapuri.

Therefore, the ancient education system continued in ashrams, temples and indigenous schools. During the medieval period, maktabas and madrassas also served as educational institutions. Thus, the ancient Indian education system focused on the holistic development of the students, comprising both inner and outer self that would prepare them for life. Our present education system has a lot to learn and derive from the ancient education system. Educationists play a key role in recognising the importance of multilingual and multicultural education, thereby bridging the gap between traditional and contemporary methods of learning.

Ancient Education System of India Class 8 NCERT Questions and Answers

Comprehension Check on page 69

1. Why were travellers attracted towards India?

2. What were the sources of the ancient education system?

3. What were the features of education system in ancient India?

4. What was the role of guru in pupils’ lives?

Answers:

1. Travellers were attracted to India for various reasons. India's rich cultural heritage, advanced educational systems, flourishing trade routes, spiritual practices, and vast wealth in resources like spices and textiles were among the key attractions. Additionally, India's historical significance as a center of learning, philosophy, and diverse religious practices drew many scholars, traders, and explorers from around the world.
2. The sources of the ancient education system in India were primarily rooted in ancient texts and scriptures. Vedas, Upanishads, Vedangas, Dharmashastras, and various other classical texts formed the basis of education. These texts covered a wide range of subjects including mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, literature, medicine, and more. The teachings passed down orally and later transcribed into written form constituted the backbone of the educational curriculum.
3. The features of education in ancient India included a holistic approach to learning, personalized education, and a strong emphasis on moral and character development. The curriculum was comprehensive, covering a wide array of subjects from sciences to arts and philosophy. Education was experiential, with students engaging in discussions, debates, and practical learning rather than rote memorization. The system was flexible, adapting to the individual needs and interests of students, and it encouraged lifelong learning.
4. The role of the guru in pupils' lives was multifaceted and highly revered. The guru was not merely a teacher but a mentor, guide, and spiritual leader. The guru imparted knowledge, wisdom, and life skills to their pupils. They played a crucial role in shaping the character, values, and worldview of the students. The relationship between guru and shishya (teacher and student) was deep and intimate, often extending beyond academic learning to encompass personal, spiritual, and moral guidance. The guru was respected and honored as a parental figure, and the bond between the guru and the pupil was considered sacred and profound.

Comprehension Check on page 74 

Question 1: Where did nuns and monks receive their education?

Answer: Monks and nuns received their education in monasteries which were the centres of art and learning.

Question 2: What is Panini known for?

Answer: Panini was a Sanskrit grammarian who gave a comprehensive and scientific theory of phonetics, phonology, and morphology. He was an expert in language and grammar and authored one of the greatest works on grammar called Ashtadhyayi.

Question 3: Which university did Xuan Zang and I-Qing study at?

Answer: Nalanda, when Xuan Zang visited it, was called Nala and was a centre of higher learning in various subjects

Question 4: Which subject did Xuan Zang study in India?

Answer: Xuan Zang studied logic, grammar, Sanskrit, and the Yogacara school of Buddhism during his time at Nalanda.

Question 5: How did society help in the education of the students?

Answer: Financial support came from rich merchants, wealthy parents and society. Besides gifts of buildings, the universities received gifts of land. This form of free education was also prevalent in other ancient universities like Valabhi, Vikramshila and Jagaddala.

Answers:

1. The salient features that made the ancient education system of India globally renowned included its comprehensive curriculum covering various subjects from sciences to philosophy, the emphasis on personalized learning tailored to individual needs, the deep-rooted connection between guru and shishya fostering holistic development, and the focus on moral and ethical values alongside academic knowledge.

2. Students from other countries came to India to study due to its reputation as a center of advanced learning, profound knowledge in diverse fields, such as mathematics, astronomy, medicine, and philosophy, and the presence of renowned teachers and scholars. India's rich cultural heritage and spiritual practices were also attractive to those seeking wisdom and enlightenment.

3. Education is considered 'a way of life' because it extends beyond academic learning. It encompasses the development of values, ethics, and practical skills necessary for personal growth and societal contribution. It involves imbibing knowledge, imitating role models, and applying wisdom gained through learning to navigate life effectively.

4. Holistic education refers to an approach that focuses on the overall development of an individual—intellectual, emotional, social, physical, and spiritual aspects. It aims to nurture not only academic excellence but also character, values, creativity, critical thinking, and practical skills essential for a well-rounded personality.

5. Takshashila and Nalanda have been declared heritage sites due to their historical significance as ancient centers of learning. Takshashila was renowned for its expertise in various fields like mathematics, medicine, and politics, attracting students and scholars from different parts of the world. Nalanda was one of the earliest universities, known for its excellence in Buddhist studies, philosophy, and other disciplines, drawing students and teachers from across Asia.