Extra Question Class 8 Geography Chapter 5 Human Resources 

1. What are human resources?

Human resources refer to the population of a country or region, including all individuals who contribute to its economic productivity and social development through their skills, knowledge, labor, and creativity.

2. Define population density.

Population density is the measure of the number of people living per unit area, usually expressed as individuals per square kilometer or square mile. It indicates how crowded or sparsely populated an area is.

3. Explain the concept of birth rate.

Birth rate is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given period, usually expressed as births per year. It measures the rate of population growth due to natural increase.

4. What factors influence population distribution?

Factors influencing population distribution include availability of resources such as water and fertile land, climatic conditions, economic opportunities, infrastructure, government policies, and historical and cultural factors.

5. Define literacy rate.

Literacy rate is the percentage of the population aged 15 and above who can read and write with understanding a simple statement in any language. It reflects the level of education and intellectual development within a population.

6. How does migration impact population growth?

Migration can either increase or decrease population growth depending on whether people are moving into or out of an area. Immigration adds to the population, while emigration reduces it. Migration patterns also affect population distribution and demographic characteristics.

7. What is the importance of human capital?

Human capital refers to the skills, knowledge, and capabilities of individuals that contribute to economic productivity and social development. It is crucial for driving innovation, enhancing productivity, and fostering sustainable growth in industries and economies.

8. Define life expectancy.

Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates. It reflects overall health and living conditions within a population and is influenced by factors such as healthcare, sanitation, nutrition, and lifestyle.

9. How does urbanization affect human resources?

Urbanization leads to the concentration of population in urban areas, affecting employment opportunities, access to education and healthcare, living standards, and social interactions. It influences migration patterns, demographic trends, and resource utilization within a country or region.

10. What is the dependency ratio?

The dependency ratio is the ratio of the economically dependent population (children and elderly) to the economically productive population (working-age adults). It indicates the level of support needed for dependents and affects economic and social policies related to healthcare, education, and retirement.

11. Explain the concept of working-age population.

The working-age population refers to individuals within a certain age range (typically 15-64 years) who are considered capable of participating in the labor force and contributing to economic productivity through employment or entrepreneurship.

12. What role do education and healthcare play in human resource development?

Education and healthcare are essential for human resource development as they contribute to the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and capabilities (education) and the maintenance of physical and mental well-being (healthcare), which are crucial for economic productivity, social mobility, and overall quality of life.

13. Define infant mortality rate.

Infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. It reflects the quality of healthcare, nutrition, and sanitation services and is a key indicator of overall maternal and child health within a population.

14. How does fertility rate influence population growth?

Fertility rate, which measures the average number of children born to women of childbearing age (usually 15-49 years) in a population, directly impacts population growth. Higher fertility rates contribute to population growth, while lower fertility rates result in slower growth or population decline.

15.What factors contribute to population growth in developing countries?

Factors contributing to population growth in developing countries include high birth rates due to cultural norms, limited access to family planning services, inadequate healthcare and education, and lower mortality rates resulting from improvements in sanitation, healthcare, and nutrition.

16. Explain the concept of age-sex pyramid.

An age-sex pyramid is a graphical representation of the age and sex composition of a population, typically displayed as a bar chart with age groups arranged horizontally and the percentage of males and females in each age group represented vertically. It provides insights into demographic trends such as birth rates, life expectancy, and population structure.

17. Define net migration rate.

Net migration rate is the difference between the number of immigrants (people moving into a country) and emigrants (people leaving the country) per 1,000 people in a population in a given period. It reflects the overall impact of migration on population growth and demographic composition.

18. How does population growth impact resource utilization?

Population growth affects resource utilization by increasing the demand for food, water, energy, land, and other natural resources. It puts pressure on ecosystems, infrastructure, and services, leading to challenges such as resource depletion, environmental degradation, and competition for limited resources.

19: What is population distribution, and why is it significant in geography?

Population distribution refers to the pattern of where people live within a region or country. It is significant in geography because it helps understand how populations are spread out and concentrated, which influences resource allocation, economic activities, and infrastructure planning.

20. What factors influence fertility rates in developing countries, and how do they affect population growth?

Fertility rates in developing countries are influenced by factors such as access to education, healthcare, economic opportunities, cultural norms, and government policies. High fertility rates contribute to rapid population growth, affecting social development, resource utilization, and environmental sustainability.

21. What challenges do aging populations pose on healthcare systems and social welfare programs?

An aging population places strains on healthcare systems and social welfare programs due to increased demand for healthcare services, long-term care facilities, and pensions. Governments must address these challenges by investing in healthcare infrastructure, promoting healthy aging, and implementing policies to support elderly populations financially and socially.

22.  How does internal migration differ from international migration, and what drives each type?

Internal migration involves movement within a country, typically from rural to urban areas, driven by factors such as job opportunities, education, and better living standards. International migration refers to movement between countries, often motivated by economic, political, or social reasons, such as seeking asylum or better employment prospects abroad.

23. What is demographic transition, and what are its stages?

Demographic transition is the process of population change over time, characterized by shifts in birth and death rates as societies progress from pre-industrial to industrialized economies. It consists of four stages: high birth and death rates (Stage 1), decreasing death rates (Stage 2), decreasing birth rates (Stage 3), and low birth and death rates (Stage 4).

24. How do education and women empowerment contribute to lower fertility rates?

Education and women empowerment contribute to lower fertility rates by enabling women to make informed decisions about family planning, delaying marriage, and pursuing career opportunities. Educated women tend to have fewer children, leading to smaller family sizes and demographic changes, such as population stabilization and improvements in maternal and child health.

25. What are the challenges and opportunities associated with rapid urbanization in developing countries?

Rapid urbanization in developing countries presents challenges such as increased demand for housing, infrastructure, and services, strains on resources and ecosystems, and social inequalities. However, it also fosters economic growth, job creation, innovation, and cultural exchange, driving urban development and modernization.

26. Why are population policies important for managing population growth and promoting sustainable development?

Population policies are essential for managing population growth and promoting sustainable development. They include measures such as family planning programs, education, healthcare services, and incentives to control fertility rates, address demographic imbalances, and support population stabilization while ensuring social equity, human rights, and environmental conservation.

27. What is the difference between crude birth rate (CBR) and total fertility rate (TFR), and why are both important indicators?

Crude birth rate (CBR) is the number of live births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year, providing a measure of population growth. Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children born to a woman over her lifetime, reflecting fertility levels. Both indicators are important for understanding population dynamics, family planning needs, and demographic trends.

28. How does population density influence economic activities in urban and rural areas?

Population density influences economic activities by shaping market demand, labor availability, and resource utilization in urban and rural areas. High population density in urban centers fosters economic growth, innovation, and specialization, while low population density in rural areas may lead to agricultural dependence, limited infrastructure, and service provision challenges. Understanding population density helps plan for sustainable development and resource management.